Scalp care
Why a healthy scalp matters, the difference between dry scalp and dandruff, how to cleanse, exfoliate and massage the scalp, and when flaking or hair loss needs a dermatologist.
Your scalp is skin, with more oil glands and hair follicles than most other areas. A clean, comfortable scalp is the starting point for healthy-looking hair. Many common hair complaints, such as flaking, itching and limp roots, actually start at the scalp.
General information only. See a dermatologist for persistent itching, flaking, redness, sores, pain or hair loss.
Dry scalp vs dandruff
They look similar but have different causes.
| Dry scalp | Dandruff | |
|---|---|---|
| Flakes | Small, white, dry | Larger, yellowish or white, can look oily |
| Scalp feels | Tight, dry, itchy | Itchy, sometimes oily |
| Common causes | Cold dry weather, harsh products, washing with very hot water | Often linked to a yeast called Malassezia that lives on the scalp, and to seborrheic dermatitis |
| Other dry skin | Often dry skin elsewhere | Can also affect eyebrows, sides of nose, behind ears |
| What often helps | Gentle shampoo, conditioner, less hot water, moisturizing scalp products | Anti-dandruff shampoos |
Anti-dandruff shampoo ingredients
Anti-dandruff shampoos contain different active ingredients, and one may work better for you than another. Common ones include zinc pyrithione, selenium sulfide, ketoconazole, salicylic acid and coal tar. The American Academy of Dermatology suggests following the label directions, leaving the lather on the scalp for the recommended time, and switching or alternating products if one stops working. People with coily hair may use these shampoos less often and follow with conditioner.
Cleansing and buildup
Dry shampoo, styling products, oils and sweat can build up on the scalp. Signs include itchiness, a waxy feel, limp roots and odor.
- Wash often enough for your scalp's oiliness; see washing and conditioning.
- Use a clarifying shampoo occasionally if you use a lot of product.
- Limit dry shampoo to a day or two between washes.
Scalp exfoliation
Scalp scrubs and exfoliating serums with acids such as salicylic acid can help remove flakes and buildup for some people. Use them gently, no more than the label suggests, and skip them if your scalp is irritated, sunburned or has any cuts. Scalp exfoliation is a nice-to-have, not a requirement.
Scalp massage
A few minutes of fingertip massage while shampooing feels relaxing and helps lift buildup. A small study in Japan suggested daily scalp massage may increase hair thickness in men over several months, but the evidence is limited. Enjoy it as a ritual; do not expect dramatic regrowth.
Oils and the scalp
Oils can soften dry lengths, but heavy oils on the scalp can trap flakes and may worsen dandruff in some people, because the yeast linked to dandruff feeds on certain oils. If you have dandruff, use oils on the ends rather than the roots.
Sun protection for the scalp
The scalp can burn, especially along a part line or where hair is thinning. Wear a hat in strong sun or use a spray or powder sunscreen made for the scalp and hair. See sunscreen.
When to see a dermatologist
- Flaking that does not improve after a few weeks of anti-dandruff shampoo
- Thick scaly patches, which may be psoriasis
- Red, painful or pus-filled bumps
- Sudden or patchy hair loss, or thinning along the hairline
- An itchy scalp that keeps you awake
Clean brushes, combs and scarves regularly. Product and oil buildup on tools goes straight back onto a freshly washed scalp. See caring for tools.